漁家碼頭的特色菜(走向世界的遼河口漁家菜)
2023-05-12 15:55:56 2
在擁有中國最北海岸線的盤錦,說起美食,可謂數不勝數。可在這個美食之鄉,近年來遼河口漁家菜卻大出風頭,2020年,不僅入選了遼寧省人民政府發布的第六批省級非物質文化遺產代表性項目名錄,還成為全球首家米其林東北菜。
而2021年更是走出中國,走向世界,在10月29日由亞太地區非物質文化遺產國際信息和網絡中心主辦的「2021年海洋遺產網絡建議專家會議」上,遼河口餐飲文化發展研究會會長、遼河口漁家菜非遺傳承人、盤錦福德匯餐飲有限公司董事長張嵩參與「關於沿海飲食非遺保護專項論壇」並作主旨發言,對以遼河口漁家菜為代表的遼河口海洋文化資源「生產性保護,文創化傳播,產業化傳承」的理念和取得的成績進行了介紹,得到了與會者的高度認可。
二界溝綿海蜇燒肉
如今,遼河口漁家菜成了盤錦美食文化走出去的一個樣本,成了弘揚盤錦、宣傳盤錦的一塊對外金字品牌!
聯合國教科文組織會議遼河口漁家菜大放異彩
2021年10月29日,由聯合國教科文組織主辦、聯合國教科文組織亞太地區非物質文化遺產國際信息與網絡中心(ICHCAP)和太平洋共同體(SPC)協辦的「2021海事非物質文化遺產網絡建設專家論壇」在韓國首爾舉辦。來自聯合國教科文組織的有關負責人以及亞洲沿海區域的斐濟、孟加拉國、菲律賓、韓國、印度、越南、印度尼西亞等國家的9位專家、學者和非遺保護組織負責人、非遺傳承人以視頻方式在論壇上分享了各種案例,由中華美食文化發展促進聯盟經遴選推薦的張嵩在論壇第一次會議上發表了標題為《中國遼河口特色海洋食材與民間食俗的餐飲生產性保護》的演講,介紹了中國遼河出海口地區自然資源的多樣性、相關習俗的源遠流長以及餐飲生產性保護成果和發展規劃。
漁家堅果黑豆腐
據了解,來自中國海洋非遺保護一線的傳承人代表還是首次參加此類國際論壇並發言。今年4月,聯合國教科文組織編輯出版了此次論壇論文專輯,張嵩的《中國遼河口特色海洋食材與民間食俗的餐飲生產性保護》演講文稿被收入專輯。
非遺美食遼河口漁家菜為什麼會受到國際關注
對於非遺美食遼河口漁家菜為何受到國際關注,國家級非遺-中國烹飪技藝與食俗項目保護代表人、清華大學文化創意研究院特約研究員、中華美食發展促進聯盟理事長邊疆告訴本刊記者,曾經從事教育與文史工作的張嵩和同是遼河口漁家菜非遺傳承人的辛亞萍以對傳統文化的熱情和企業家的報國情懷帶領福德匯餐飲公司經過多年的挖掘整理,梳理復原了遼河口漁家菜體系,從民間喜愛的食材到技藝完整的烹飪方法;從流行民間的餐廚用具到源遠流長的飲食習俗,廣泛收集、精煉提取,完整地復原了這個幾乎被淹沒在民間的文化體系,在有關政府部門的支持下,遼河口漁家菜進入省級非遺保護項目。福德匯也因注重傳統文化傳播而被稱為「建在博物館裡的餐廳」。福德匯餐飲公司的貢獻不僅在於以企業人力物力財力主動投入非遺保護工作,更在於用餐飲企業運行對非遺項目進行了生產性保護,使其獲得新的活化。隨著福德匯事業在全國各地的拓展,遼河口漁家菜在各地開花結果形成更為廣泛的傳播。
遼河口漁家菜
遼寧大學教授、中國民俗學會副會長、國家非物質文化遺產保護專家委員會成員江帆認為,遼河口漁家菜生動地詮釋了這一富有特色的東北亞河海口食材文化及餐飲傳統在當代的活態傳承,包括遼河口餐飲食俗在內的遼河口文化以族群記憶的方式對區域與族群的歷史予以了「建檔」和「存檔」,其所蘊含的河海口文化質素,在倡行文化多元化的今天尤顯珍貴。
遼河口文化研究會會長楊洪琦說,直接或間接取自民間的食材食藝,構築了遼河口漁家菜的基石。遼河口漁家菜的食材構成是相對穩定的,即海鮮、河鮮、溼地物產。不過作為遼菜的一個分支,它並非一個封閉的系統,而是一個開放的體系。具體說,遼河口漁家菜並不會落實為一張一成不變的固定菜譜,而是會隨著對地域食材的不斷整合利用,對傳統食藝的持續發現發掘,隨時隨地進行增補,它所含納的菜品會呈現一個愈趨豐滿的動態過程,儘管它目前就已經很豐富了。地域的獨特性決定了食材的獨特性,也最終決定了人們獨具特色的飲食結構和口味傾向。這樣的食俗始終都被盤錦這片土地上的居民默默延續,遼河口漁家菜不過是對這種飲食文化進行了概括。作為地域文化的一個重要構成,飲食文化的代表性符號由此得以確立,這無疑將使盤錦的城市文化特質更趨鮮明,接下來的文化發展朝向也將更為明朗。
優越獨特的地理環境造就了遼河口漁家菜
遼河口漁家菜起源於盤錦,是遼河口三角洲地區(遼河、大遼河、大凌河入海口)的地域特色菜品,是遼河民間菜的組成部分,其特點為四季分明、食俗互動、民俗融合、餐酒搭配。遼河口漁家菜取材於遼河流域的河鮮、江鮮、湖鮮、渤海灣的海鮮,及當地的山珍野蔬,以當地漁民的地道做法烹製而成。
遼河口漁家菜的形成,離不開其優越而獨特的地理位置。遼河口三角洲為中國四大河口三角洲之一,位於盤錦市境內。擁河傍海的地理環境、獨有的河口自然資源孕育了鮮明的遼河口地域文化,四季分明的氣候讓這裡的食材時令性特徵明顯,儲存方式多樣。冷水海域的環境讓這裡的海產味道鮮美,肉質飽滿;海河交匯的位置讓這裡的水成為「兩合水」,鹽度不濃不淡,水溫不高不低,水流不急不緩,水質不混不濁。同時,這裡也是退海之地,灘涂淤泥遍布,蛤、魚、蝦、蟹等近海海產肥厚鮮美,地下鹽滷資源豐富,井鹽、海鹽並存。
遼河民俗博物館傳承、推廣、發展遼河口漁家菜
2007年,張嵩和辛亞萍創立了盤錦福德匯文化傳播發展有限公司,開始了尋找遼河口美食文化之旅。
為了提煉出遼河口漁家菜的文化之魂,十餘年來,作為遼河口漁家菜第四代傳承人,除了師承外,張嵩、辛亞萍和他們的團隊還在盤錦走進民間、遍訪名師,尋找那些當地人常年食用卻不為外人所知的美味食材,聽到哪家的主婦有拿手菜,就要嘗上一嘗,觀摩她們的做法,所謂「不學大師學大媽」。
作為遼河口漁家菜非遺傳承人,張嵩和辛亞萍利用20多年的時間收集遼河口地區各種傳統的漁獵、農耕生產用具、日常生活用品、餐飲行業用具器皿等民俗老物件,自籌資金建起遼河民俗博物館,館內藏品萬餘件。近年來,遼河民俗博物館不斷拓展遼河口文化業態和圍繞遼河口海洋資源的餐飲業態,精心打造民俗博物館裡的餐廳。公司已在瀋陽、深圳、北京等地創建了十餘家遼河文化博物館主題餐廳,傳承、推廣、發展遼河口漁家菜,傳播古漁雁文化,打造了遼河文化對外展示的重要窗口,實現了海洋資源從遺產到資源,再從資源到資產的有序轉化。
遼河口漁家菜的特色是傳統與自然的結合
近些年,以張嵩、辛亞萍為代表的盤錦美食文化專家推出了一系列飲譽國內的盤錦遼河渡口特色菜品。
如稻家私享大米,選用盤錦原生態生長環境產出的蟹田營養米,在同一塊稻田裡既種稻、又養蟹,形成了「水稻護蟹、蟹吃蟲餌、蟹糞肥田」的天然食物鏈,整個種植過程無農藥、無化肥,生態環保,這也成就了光亮透明、色澤均勻、口感柔軟、味道清新、營養豐富的蟹田米,配以從日本購進的器皿更突顯大米糯而不黏、營養豐富的特點,並登上央視CCTV9《致富經》欄目、央視《稻米之路》,獲獎無數。
稻家私享
如「當潮漁獲,有啥吃啥」的盤錦一網鮮。張嵩介紹說,所謂「靠山吃山,靠海吃海」,在盤錦二界溝當地,漁民是以捕魚為生。由於長期出海在外,所以一日三餐也成了漁民生活最重要的一部分,菜品主要以捕撈上來的新鮮魚蝦蟹貝為主。一網拋撒下去,什麼海鮮都有,所以,漁民們就把這些剛剛捕撈上來的不同品種的海鮮放在一起去烹飪,其味道鮮美、回味無窮、記憶猶新,後來,就形成了這道家喻戶曉的名菜——盤錦一網鮮。盤錦一網鮮濃縮了遼河口地區歷時悠久的傳統民間飲食文化,傳承了北方地區古老的漁家菜製作工藝,講求即捕即食,最大限度地保持食材本原的營養價值和新鮮味道。如蒲筍,是遼寧唯一入選央視CCTV1《舌尖上的中國Ⅱ》的食材,選自蒲草根部的內芯,每100斤蒲草才能產出3斤蒲筍,同時季節性強,時期短、產量低,其粗纖維豐富,是唯一野生、不可人工種植的食材。
又如文蛤,盤錦二界溝蛤蜊崗漲潮為海,落潮為陸,以盛產「天下第一鮮」文蛤馳名,素有「盤錦文蛤庫」之名,被世人譽為「渤海金灘」,此處的文蛤據說被乾隆皇帝御批為「天下第一鮮」。文蛤的鈣質含量尤為突出,其中含有的牛磺酸,可以幫助膽汁的合成,有助於膽固醇代謝。這其中,蛤肉水餡包有皮薄餡稀、色白褶勻、油大不膩、滋味鮮美四個特點,水餡包子是東北廣為流傳的漢族小吃;文蛤手撕茄子的茄子配以文蛤,更能突顯蛤蜊的鮮美,其口感滑嫩,湯汁鮮美;文蛤湯不添加任何調味品,最大程度地保持了文蛤本身「鮮美」的金字招牌;原汁烤文蛤的文蛤產自二界溝蛤蜊崗,原汁烤文蛤保留了文蛤的原汁原味。又如蘆葦蕩野鴨,產自世界最大的蘆葦蕩遼河三角洲地區,無垠的葦海裡棲息著數十萬飛禽,由於空氣清新,環境安靜,使野鴨得以自由活動、戲水、曬太陽,採食大量的天然飼料,從而巧妙地保持其野性本質。
至於漁家堅果黑豆腐,黑豆腐選用優質黑豆與黑芝麻、榛果、核桃等按照一定比例搭配,遼河渡口用古法細細研磨,自製而成,口味醇香,口感滑嫩,同時黑豆具有補肝明目、活血養胃、美容養顏等功效。
本文圖片由福德匯文化傳播發展有限公司提供
On the morning of October 29, 2021, Zhang Song, the president of the Liaohekou Restaurant Cultural Development Research Association, was invited to participate in the「2021 Expert Meeting on Marine Heritage Network Recommendations」hosted by the International Information and Networking Center for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia- Pacific Region (ICHCAP). During the meeting, Zhang delivered a 15-minute keynote speech to the「Special Forum on Protecting the Intangible Heritage of Coastal Food」. The ICHCAP is a permanent institution working under the auspices of UNESCO. Zhang’s speech is the only speech given by the inheritors of the Liaohekou cuisine on a United Nations platform so far. This speech reflected the philosophy and achievements of Liaohekou fishermen’s cuisine—「productive protection, creative dissemination, and industrial inheritance」—which are highly recognized by the international catering industry.
Today, the cuisine of Liaohekou fishermen has become a model for the globalization of Panjin’s food culture and represents a golden brand to introduce Panjin to the world! The「Liaohekou Fishermen’s Cuisine」, which Zhang Song has worked hard to create, originates from Panjin and is a regional specialty of the delta area of Liaohekou (the mouth of the rivers Liaohe, Daliaohe, and Dalinghe). It is part of Liaohekou folk cuisine.
The Liaohekou fishermen’s cuisine has different specialties in each season and unique wines to accompany them. The cuisine interacts with the locality. The raw materials are river food and lake food from the Liaohekou area. The seafood is from Bohai Bay, while the wild vegetables come from the mountains. These fresh ingredients are cooked according to the authentic recipes of the fishermen. The Liaohekou fishermen’s cuisine would be impossible without its superior and unique geographical location. The Liaohekou delta, located in Panjin City, Liaoning Province, is one of the four major estuary deltas in China. This exclusive geographical location embraces both the river and the sea, and the natural resources unique to the river mouth nurture the Liaohekou regional cuisine. The climate allows for seasonal ingredients to be stored in a variety of ways. The cold-water sea environment makes the seafood taste delicious and succulent. The meeting of the sea and the river makes the local water a perfect combination of contrasting elements—the salinity is neither too concentrated nor too diluted, the water temperature is neither too high nor too low, the current is neither too fast nor too slow, and the water quality is neither too clear nor too turbid. The Liaohekou delta is also a place of receding sea, which is covered by mud and silt. Clams, fish, shrimp, crabs, and other seafood are fat and fresh in the area, and the underground salt and brine resources are abundant, with well salt and sea salt coexisting.
As a modern hub of sea and land exchanges, many kinds of ingredients and production methods converged here and formed several different cuisines. In places near the river bank (Liaohe River, Dailiaohe River, and Daling River), we find the Tangpu and Matou (pond and dock) style. In areas along the Bohai Sea coastline, there is the Chuancai and Wangpu (boat and fish net) style. In places where land transportation (railways and roads) is advanced, we find the Wopu (bistro) style.
Zhang Song, who is good at discovering the tasty local dishes, thinks that Liaohekou fishermen’s cuisine contains culture in every one of its aspects. From the rich and diversified selection of ingredients and distinctive storage methods to the perfect cooking skills, Liaohekou fishermen’s cuisine is the essence of the ancient fishermen’s culinary culture of the northern region. It is the inheritance of the local traditional food culture, which has a long history in Liaohekou. This cuisine’s production methods contain over 30 techniques, including steaming, stirfrying, burning, deep- frying, and braising. It has more than 40 kinds of representative dishes, such as stewed jellyfish and pork and hand- ripped eggplant with clams. Taste is important in this cuisine and is characterized by a preference for freshness. The preparation techniques of the Liaohekou fishermen’s cuisine follow tradition and are adjusted according to different ingredients. The cuisine’s rich and varied dishes are enjoyed by local people and those in the region, and its influence is increasing every day. River crab and tofu is a dish that originated from traditions. Farmers caught a large number of river crabs and carefully selected the crab meat and crab yolk through a dozen processes to create this famous household dish. This dish is tender, unique in flavor, and rich in nutrition. The jellyfish in stewed jellyfish and pork are found in the waters of Bohai Bay. They are a delicious seasonal specialty that is available for consumption only for about 45 days. Therefore, this is a precious dish. It has been featured on the Fortune program of Channel Nine, China Central Television, and has won the title of Famous Dish of Northeast China.
編輯:徐博彥責編:景雪峰,