原子核電子數與什麼相等（核言碎語167）

2023-05-01 01:11:08

123 原子序數與核穩定性

Atomic number and Nuclear Stability

（https://www.nuclear-power.com/）

原子序數與核穩定性

Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, which attract each other through the nuclear force, while protons repel each other via the electric force due to their positive charge. These two forces compete, leading to various stability of nuclei. There are only certain combinations of neutrons and protons, which form stable nuclei.

原子核由質子和中子組成，它們通過核力相互吸引，而質子由於帶正電荷而通過電場相互排斥。這兩種力相互競爭，導致原子核具有不同的穩定性。只有特定的中子和質子組合才能形成穩定的原子核。

Neutrons stabilize the nucleus because they attract each other and protons, which helps offset the electrical repulsion between protons. As a result, as the number of protons increases, an increasing ratio of neutrons to protons is needed to form a stable nucleus. If there are too many or too few neutrons for a given number of protons, the resulting nucleus is not stable and undergoes radioactive decay. Unstable isotopes decay through various radioactive decay pathways, most commonly alpha decay, beta decay, or electron capture. Many other rare types of decay, such as spontaneous fission or neutron emission, are known. We should note that all of these decay pathways may be accompanied by the subsequent emission of gamma radiation. Pure alpha or beta decays are very rare.

中子能穩定原子核，是因其相互吸引並吸引質子，這有助於抵消質子之間的電排斥力。因此，當質子數量增加時，需要增加中子與質子的比例才能形成穩定的原子核。對於一定數量的質子，如果中子過多或過少，那麼原子核就不穩定，就會發生放射性衰變。不穩定的同位素通過各种放射性衰變途徑進行衰變，最常見的是α衰變、β衰變或電子俘獲。許多其他罕見的衰變類型，如自發裂變或中子發射，是已知的。我們應該注意到，所有這些衰變途徑都可能伴隨著後續的伽馬輻射的發射。純粹的α衰變或β衰變是非常罕見的。

(待續)