獨立主格的詳細解讀（10分鐘搞定獨立主格）

2023-09-16 05:55:35 4

10分鐘搞定獨立主格

非謂語動詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語：如

Being ill, he went home.

由於生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）

Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine. 在課桌旁坐好後，他開始看雜誌。

（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）

當非謂語動詞的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致時，我們要使用獨立主格結構，這時的狀語帶有自己的邏輯主語，從而在結構上與句子的主語斷絕了關係，我們稱之為獨立主格結構。它還是一種從屬的結構，並非完全獨立。

一、結構（兩種構成方式）：

①名詞/代詞 形容詞/副詞/不定式/分詞/介詞短語

②with/without 名詞/代詞 形容詞/副詞/不定式/分詞/介詞短語

非謂語動詞獨立主格結構 在獨立主格結構中，非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關係。

Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.

有這麼有能力的人來幫你, 你遲早一定會成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 有邏輯上主謂關係）

= Now that there is such an able man to help you, you will succeed sooner or later.

He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在書桌旁坐好後，他媽媽開始給他講故事。（seating himself at the desk 的邏輯主語是he）

= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.

The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由於丟了自行車鑰匙，他只好步行去學校。（lost 的邏輯主語是the key）

= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.

1、名詞/代詞 形容詞

He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他轉向我，眼睛裡帶著睏倦。

= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.

He stood there, his mouth wide open.

他站在那裡，嘴張得大大的。

= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.

2、名詞/代詞 副詞

School over, we all went home.

放學了，我們都回家了。

= School was over, and we all went home.

He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在課桌旁，沒穿鞋子。

= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.

3、名詞/代詞 不定式

在此結構中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關係。這種結構也可用一個從句或並列分句來表達。

His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.

他母親今晚要來,他正在忙著準備飯菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）

—Will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會嗎？

—sorry, so many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.對不起，有這那麼多的作業要批改，我真耽誤不起時間。（＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight, I really can't afford any time.）

The four of us agreed on a division of labour, each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工幹合作，每人翻譯這本書的四分之一。 （＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）

Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 種上許多的樹，花和草後，我們新建的學校將看上去更美。(=If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)

4、名詞/代詞 現在分詞

Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.

每個人準備好後，老師開始上課了。（相當於When everyone was ready…)

The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated. 每個人坐好後，主席開始開會了。（相當於after everyone was seated…）

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由於男孩兒帶路，我們沒有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相當於Because the boy led the way…）

Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 由於許多眼睛看著他，他感到有點兒緊張。（相當於As many eyes were watching him…）

It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 由於今天是國慶節,街上很擁擠。

= Because it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.

There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 由於沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。

= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.

Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 如果時間允許的話，我們下星期將去野餐。（相當於If time permits…)

My health allowing, I will work far into the night.如果我的健康允許的話，我願工作到深夜。（相當於If my health allows…）

The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.學生們快樂地在學校裡走著，每個人胸前都帶著一張卡。（相當於一個並列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）

The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看著天空。（相當於…and his eyes were looking at the sky）

5、名詞/代詞 過去分詞

與邏輯主語 動詞的-ing形式一樣，如果-ed形式的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致的話，就需要用-ed形式的獨立主格結構。

The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.

該書是用簡單英語寫的，英語初學者也能看懂。（ = As the book was written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.）

The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由於工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更努力了。（= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.）

He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。 (= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.)

The task completed, he had two months' leave. 任務完成以後，他休了兩個月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）

6、名詞/代詞 介詞短語

He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背對著我們。

= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.

The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老師面帶微笑走了進來。

= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.

The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand.老師走進教室，手裡拿著一把直尺。

= The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.

注意：在此結構裡，如果名詞是單數，則不用冠詞，同時介詞短語裡的限定詞也可省略。

The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.

音樂老師站在門口,手裡拿著一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）

二、 獨立主格結構中，邏輯主語加過去分詞和不定式結構區別：

動詞不定式表示動作沒有發生或即將發生，動詞-ed形式表示動作已經結束，動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。

The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 有這麼多的事情要處理，經理看上去很著急。

The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已經處理好了， 經理看上去很輕鬆。

The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個動作同時進行）

The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 飯做好了，小孩去睡了。

三、省略being的獨立主格結構

「邏輯主語 being 其他」是獨立主格結構中的「邏輯主語 動詞-ing形式」的一種形式。在這種結構中，being往往可以被省去。

Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.

十個學生報名參加了這次競賽，年紀最小的是個12歲的男孩。（youngest和a boy 之間省略了being）

注意： 獨立主格結構中的being在下列兩種情況下不能省略，①在「There being 名詞」結構中，②邏輯主語是代詞的。

There being no bus, we had to walk home.

由於沒有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。

It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因為是星期日，所有辦公室都關門。

四、 with/without 構成的獨立主格結構

上面討論過的獨立主格結構的幾種情況與此結構的用法相同。

1、with 名詞/代詞 形容詞

He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.

他不喜歡開著窗子睡覺。

= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.

He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服溼透了。

= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.

注意：

在「with 名詞/代詞 形容詞」結構中，也可用形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式。

With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy. 由於兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂。

With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study. 父親如此出名，兒子不想讀書。

2、with 名詞/代詞 副詞

Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.

所有的燈都打開時，我們的學校看上去更美。= Our school looks even more beautiful if/when all the lights are on.

The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父親在前，小孩在後走著。

= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.

3、with 名詞/代詞 動詞不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 有這麼多的家庭作業要做，小男孩看上去很不開心。 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.

The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有這麼多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.

4、with 名詞/代詞 現在分詞 The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有這麼多的孩子坐在他周圍，那男子感到很高興。

= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.

The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪裡。

= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.

Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁沒人注意的時候，從窗口溜走了。

= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.

5、with 名詞/代詞 過去分詞

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.

作業做完了，彼得出去玩了。

= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.

With the signal given, the train started. 信號發出了，火車開始起動了。

= After the signal was given, the train started.

I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.工作還沒完成，我不敢回家。

= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.

6、with 名詞/代詞 介詞短語

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.

他站在門口，手裡拿著一部電腦。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.

Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.

文森特坐在課桌前，嘴裡叼著一支筆。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.

注意： 在with/without 引導的獨立主格結構中，多數情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。

Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.

她沒再說什麼話就離開了會議室。（without不能省略）

五、 獨立主格結構的句法功能

獨立主格結構在句中除了能作原因狀語、時間狀語、條件狀語和伴隨狀語外，還能作定語。它可位於句首、句中或句尾，通常用逗號與句子隔開。

1、作狀語

相當於一個狀語從句或並列分句。

①時間狀語

Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降臨，我們在一家小旅館住了下來。

（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）

All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐後，他們才開始吃飯。

（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）

With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home. 所需要的都買好後，格雷斯打的回家了。（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）

②原因狀語

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

有許多難題要解決，新當選的總統日子不好過。 （= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）

There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight. 由於在半夜沒有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。

(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)

③條件狀語

Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.

如果天氣允許的話，我們下星期將舉行每年一次的運動會。

（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）

All the work done, you can have a rest. 所有工作做好後，你可以休息。

（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.） Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.

如果從各方面考慮，你的計劃似乎更實際些。

（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）

注意：表示時間、原因、條件的獨立主格結構一般放在句首，並且不能保留連詞。

誤：When class being over, the students left their classroom.

正：Class (being) over, the students left their classroom.下課了，學生都離開了教室。

誤：The moon appearing and they continued their way.

正：The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出來了，他們繼續趕路。

④伴隨狀語

The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.

那個奇怪的男人在街上走著,手裡拿著根手杖。

（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）

The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 殺人犯被帶了進來，手被捆在背後。

（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）

Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 有兩百人在事故中喪生，其中許多是兒童。

（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）

2、作定語

其功能相當於一個定語從句。

He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的複合結構作定語,修飾the student)

他就是有許多問題要解決的那個人。

= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.

You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的複合結構作定語,修飾bottle)

你可以使用一個頸被砍掉的大塑料瓶。

= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.

He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.

他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。(without的複合結構作定語,修飾the road )

= He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.

注意：並非所有用連詞的地方都可以改為獨立主格結構。

If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.

如果你站在山頂上, 公園看上去更美。（不能改為獨立主格結構）

If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.

如果你仔細檢查試卷的話，有些錯誤是可以避免的。（不能改為獨立主格結構）

Pracice

1.______ no bus, we had to walk home.

A. There was

B. There being

C. Because there being

D.There were

2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.

A. Time permits

B. If time permitting

C. Time permitting

D. Time's permitting

3._____, we all went home happily.

A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said

C. Goodbye said

D. When goodbye said

4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.

A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather

C. It was fine weather

D. It being a fine weather

5. ____, the bus started at once.

A. The signal was given B. The signal giving

C. The signal given

D. When the signal given

6. She stood there,____from her cheeks.

A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down

C. with tears rolled down

D. tears rolling down

7. ____,the leaves are turning green.

A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on

C. Spring came on

D. Spring being come on

8. _____, I had to buy a new one.

A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost

C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost

9. I used to sleep with the window _____.

A. opened B. open C. opening D to open

10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.

A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder

C. Gun on shoulder

D. A gun being on shoulder

11.____production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.

A. As B. For C. With D. Through12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.

A. do B. doing C. done D. to do

13. He stood there silently, his lips________.

A. trembling B. trembled

C. were trembling

D. were trembling

14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.

A. All things considering B. All things considered

C.All things were considered

D.With all things were considered

15. ______, we will surely succeed.

A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us

C. The teacher will help us

D. With the teacher helping

16.The thief stood before the policeman,______admitting what he had done.

A.with his drooping head B.drooping his head

C.raising his head

D.with his head down

17.________,he can't go out for a walk as usual.

A.With so much work to do B.With so much work doing

C.With so much work done D.Without so much work to do

18.It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth ________and his eyes ______.

A.closed;open B.closed;opened C.closing;open D.closing;opening

19.All things __________ ,the plan trip will have to be called off.

A.be considered B.considered

C.considering

D.having considering

20._________ ,we have to get down to business right away.

A.As there was no time left B.There is no time left

C.There being no time left

D.There to be no time left

21.______yesterday,we went out for a walk.

A.As a fine day B.It was a fine day

C.It being a fine day

D.For it was a fine day

22.The old man stood there,______ .

A.with back against the wall B.with his back against the wall

C.with back against wall

D.his back against wall

1-5 BCCAC 6---10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB

16--20 DAABC 21--22 CB