學習並總結主謂一致的語法規則（主謂一致不出錯）

2023-10-11 13:56:15

主謂一致，顧名思義，指一個句子的主語和謂語在人稱和數上保持一致。人稱上的一致很簡單，我是用I am，你是用You are, 他是用He is.

數上的一致，一般規則為主語是單數，謂語也用單數。主語是複數，謂語也用複數。就近原則：

1. There is a pen and two books on the desk.

桌上有一支筆和兩本書。

2.Not you but I am to blame.

不該怪你而該怪我。

3.He or I am wrong.

他或是我錯了。

4.Neithe ryou nor he is tired.

你和他都沒累。

也稱「鄰近原則」「就近一致原則」(Proximity），即：謂語與靠近的名詞、代詞（有時不一定是主語）在「人稱、數」上一致。

I.在正式文體中：

1由下列詞語連接的並列主語：

"there be＋句型; or ; either …or；nor; neither…nor；whether…or；not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。

eg：

①What he does or what he says does not concern me .

他的行為或言談都與我無關。

②Neither you nor I am wrong .

你和我都沒錯。

③Not you but your father is to blame .

不是你，而是你父親該受責備。

④Not only you but(also) he is wrong .

不僅你錯了，他也錯了。

2在倒裝句中：謂語可與後面第一個主語一致。

eg.

①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在遠處，能聽見鼓掌聲和人們的呼喊聲。

②There is(are) a pen and some books on the desk .

桌上有一支鋼筆和幾本書。

II.非正式文體中：

1有時依「就近一致原則」，但也可依「意義一致原則」或嚴格地依「語法一致原則」。

eg.

Neither she nor I were there (意義一致)

我和他當時都不在那兒。（非正式）

Neither she nor I was there .（

就近一致）（譯文同上句）（正式）

2但是，如果依「就近一致原則」而與其他兩項原則相矛盾時，則常常認為是不太合符規範的。

eg.

No one except his own supporters agree with him

.僅他自己的支持者同意他的意見。（依「就近」和「意義」一致的原則；但語法上，「No one 」才是主語，謂語要改成「agrees」。「寫作中」一般要依「語法一致」原則。

即謂語動詞的單、複數形式取決於最靠近它的詞語。

連詞or, not…but…, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…等連接的並列主語，謂語動詞的數與靠近它的主語一致。

如：

Not his parents but he doesn’t want to go.

是他的父母親不想去而不是他不想去。

Neither you nor I am a stranger here.

你和我都不是剛來這裡。

Does neither he nor his classmates know the secret?

他和他的同學都不知道這個密秘？

當there be後有兩個或幾個並列的主語時，be的數由與其靠得最近的那個主語一致。

如：

There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate.

盤子裡有一個蘋果，兩個梨子和一些桔子。

There are two pears, some oranges and an apple on the plate.

盤子裡有兩個梨子，一些桔子和一個蘋果。

由 or，not only … but also …， either … or …， neither … nor …，not … but …等連接兩個名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的單複數形式要根據就近原則來確定。

如：

You or he is going to be sent to study abroad .

He or we are going to be sent to study abroad .

「名詞 介詞 / 介詞短語（ with，together with，along with，as well as 等） 名詞」作主語時，謂語動詞的單複數由介詞前的名詞的單複數形式決定。

如：

Tom as well as his parents enjoys fishing .

You as well as your brother have been accepted .

主語從句、不定式或動名詞作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數形式。

如：

What we can’t get seems better than what we have .

Taking more exercise is good for your health .

定語從句中，當先行詞在從句中作主語時，從句謂語與先行詞的人稱和數保持一致；但「 one of 名詞複數」作先行詞時，如在one 前有 the，the very，the only 等詞修飾時，從句謂語動詞要用單數形式，若沒有，則用複數形式。

如：

He is one of the students who have been praised by the headmaster .

He is the only one of the students who has been praised by the headmaster .

there be 句型中，be 的單複數形式由其後的名詞決定，如果有兩個或兩個以上的名詞，則按就近原則決定。

如：

There is only a desk in the room .

There is only a desk and two chairs in the room .

There are two chairs and a desk in the room .

「the 形容詞」作主語表示一類人時，謂語動詞一般用複數形式。

如：

The rich don’t understand the life of the poor .

The wounded have been given careful attention .

中學就經常考以下4個就近原則的知識點。

就近原則，也就是說，句子中的謂語動詞是由最靠近它的名詞或者代詞來決定其用單數還是複數這個問題。

1.There be 句型 There is an apple ,a pear and two bananas in the bag.( an apple 最靠近be 的位置，an apple是單數，所以謂語用is )

=There are two bananas , an apple and a pear in the bag .（two bananas最靠近be 的位置，two bananas是複數，所以謂語用are）

2.neither...nor... Neither you nor he is right.（這句有兩個主語，一個是you 一個是he ,由於he 最近謂語的位置，所以謂語用is ) = Neither he nor you are right.

3.either...or... Either they or Jim is going to Shanghai next Saturday.(jim 最近謂語，所以用is )= Either Jim or they are going to shanghai next Saturday.（they 最靠近謂語，所以用are）

4.not only...but also... Not only Ann but also her parents stay at home every Sunday.(her parents 最近謂語，所以謂語stay用複數 ) = Not only Ann's parents but also she stays at home every Sunday.（ she 最近謂語，所以謂語用第三人稱單數 「stays "）

謂語動詞與前面主語一致

代表詞彙：as well as；（together/along）with；rather than；except；besides；but；including；in addition to；apart from

就遠原則

就遠原則即謂語要與較遠的主語保持一致。

當主語後面跟有由but, except, besides, like, with, as well as, no less than, along with, in addition to, rather than, together with等引出的短語時就採用「就遠原則」。

Everybody except you likes me.

除了你，大家都喜歡我。

就前原則例句：

1.The son,as well as his parents, wants to go there.

不但兒子想去那兒，而且他的父母也想去。

2.The teacher,as well as the students, is interested in the activity.

老師也和同學們一樣對這項活動有興趣。

3.Dessert fruit,like strawberries and pears is very popular.

像草莓和梨這樣的餐後水果是很受歡迎的。

4.John,rather than his roommates,is to blame.

約翰，而不是他的室友，應該受到責備。

5.My father,no less than I,is a base-ball fan.

我的父親不亞於我也是個棒球迷.

6.Jim,together with his classmates,has seen the film.

吉姆和他的同學都看過這部電影。

7.All the students,including Tom,are leaving.

所有的學生，包括湯姆都走了。

8.No one except(but) me knows about this news.

除了我沒有人知道這個消息。

謂語與比較遠的那個主語保持一致。

「名詞 介詞 / 介詞短語（ with，together with，along with，as well as, except等） 名詞」作主語時，謂語動詞的單複數由介詞前的名詞的單複數形式決定。比如：

1. Nobody but two students is in the classroom.

除了這兩個學生，沒有人在教室

2. Everybody except you is down on me.

除了你，大家都看不起我。

3. A woman with two children has come.

一位婦女帶著兩個孩子已經來了。

4. The son, as well as his parents, wants to go there.

不但兒子想去那兒，而且他的父母也想去。

複習：

若是and來連接，兼職並列細分辨。

and連接兩個主語時，如：The teacher and the writer為並列主語，謂語動詞應為複數。The teacher and writer則是一人雙重身份，謂語動詞應為單數。

The teacher and the writer are coming here.

The teacher and writer is coming here.