英語關於代詞講解的筆記(英語代詞知識點)
2023-05-08 14:06:08 1
英語代詞綜合考點一、英語代詞定義
代詞是指代人或事物,常見可作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語使用,分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞。
二、英語代詞分類及相關用法
(一) 人稱代詞
1.人稱代詞概念
人稱代詞通常用來指代已知的人或事物,作主語、賓語、表語使用,有人稱、人格和單複數區別,人稱分為第一人稱、第二人稱、第三人稱,人格主要有主格、賓格,單複數隨人稱單複數不同而變化。
2.人稱代詞分類及用法
(1)人稱代詞主格
①人稱代詞主格通常所在位置及用法
人稱代詞主格通常作為主語使用,位於謂語動詞之前,當置於句首時,要注意首字母大寫。謂語動詞形式會跟隨作為主語的人稱代詞單複數而變化,通常在一般現在時會表現明顯,謂語動詞複數形式通常指動詞原形,單數形式指第三人稱單數形式。現在完成時(have/has done)的時態助動詞have/has,第三人稱單數人稱代詞作主語時用has,其他人稱代詞作主語時用have。Be動詞使用方面,I(我)用 am/was,you(你/你們)、we(我們)、they(他們/她們/它們)用 are/were,she/he/it(他她它)用is/was。舉例:
I have finished my homework but he has not finished his homework up to now.
②第一人稱主格單數/複數
單數為I---我,複數為we---我們,對應的謂語動詞用複數形式。注意Be動詞,I 用 am/was,we 用 are/were。舉例:
I am a student and I have many interesting books.
We like playing football outside and we are always happy if it's sunny.
③第二人稱主格單數/複數
單數為you---你,複數為you---你們,對應的謂語動詞用複數形式。注意Be動詞,單數複數都用are/were。舉例:
You are a math teacher and you often do many math exercises.
You are teachers and you have many students.
④第三人稱主格單數/複數
單數為she---她、he---他、it---它,複數為they---她們/他們/它們,單數she/he/it對應的謂語動詞用第三人稱單數形式,複數they對應的謂語動詞用複數形式。注意Be動詞,單數she/he/it用is/was,複數they用are/were。舉例:
They are Linda's teachers and they help her a lot with her study.
It is the movie which she likes best.
⑤人稱代詞主格的排序
一般情況下,單數排序為you→she/he→I,複數排序為we→you→they;特殊情況比如做錯事或者需要出來承擔責任時,單數排序變為I→she/he→you,複數不變。舉例:
You, she and I are Linda's students.
We, you and they live in the same city.
Oh my God! The window has been broken. I, he and you need to apologize.
(2)人稱代詞賓格
①人稱代詞賓格通常所在位置及用法
人稱代詞賓格通常作為賓語或表語使用,位於謂語動詞或者介詞後面。單項選擇、語法選擇、語篇填詞、短文填空、完成句子等題目經常考動賓、介賓用法。人稱代詞單獨使用時,通常用賓格不用主格。
②第一人稱賓格單數/複數
單數為me---我,複數為us---我們。舉例:
It was me(主系表結構,賓格作表語). I brought us so many books.(賓格位於謂語動詞之後,動賓考點)
③第二人稱賓格單數/複數
單數為you---你,複數為you---你們。舉例:
We are proud of you. (賓格位於介詞之後,介賓考點)
④第三人稱賓格單數/複數
單數為her/him/it---她/他/它,複數為them---她們/他們/它們。舉例:
Linda's parents love her very much and she loves them too.(賓格位於動詞之後,動賓考點)
(3)人稱代詞it用法
①形式主語it
常考句型:It is/was/will be 形容詞 for/of sb. to do sth,舉例:
It is important for Linda to learn English well.(for sb. 情況:此時形容詞主要用於修飾後邊真正的主語to do sth.,表示做某事是怎麼樣的。it在這作形式主語。)
It is very kind of you to help me with my math.(of sb.情況:此時形容詞主要用於形容人的性格/品質等,表示這個人是怎麼樣的。it在這作形式主語。)
②形式賓語it
常考句型:find/think/suppose/believe等 it 形容詞 to do sth,舉例:
Linda thinks it difficult to learn math well.(it在這作形式賓語,真正的賓語時to do sth.)
③指代作用it
前文提到的同一對象,注意為同類同物;或者指代天氣、時間、距離等;或者指代身份不明的人。舉例:
I bought a pen yesterday and I liked it very much.
It's 7:15 a.m. now.
It may be Linda over there but I'm not sure.
(二) 物主代詞
1.物主代詞概念
物主代詞通常表示所屬關係,翻譯為「......的」,作定語、主語、賓語、表語使用,分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞,兩者在形式上相同或類似,形容詞性物主代詞的作用更多是定語、類似形容詞一樣去修飾名詞,名詞性物主代詞的作用更多是主語、賓語和表語、類似本身就是個名詞一樣。
2.物主代詞分類及用法
(1)形容詞性物主代詞
①形容詞性物主代詞用法
形容詞性物主代詞常後接名詞。注意在固定搭配或習慣搭配中,形容詞性物主代詞常用「one's」表示。同時也要注意形容詞性物主代詞和own連用時,表示「某某自己的......」,一般後接名詞,但如果是名詞前置類似「a 名詞 of 形容詞性物主代詞 own 」,後邊不接名詞。在舉例:
I will try my best to buy my own car.=I will try my best to buy a car of my own.(try one's best to do sth. 盡某人最大的努力做某事)
②第一人稱形容詞性物主代詞單數/複數
單數為my---我的,複數為our---我們的。舉例:
This is my book and that is our classroom.
③第二人稱形容詞性物主代詞單數/複數
單數為your---你的,複數為your---你們的。舉例:
This is your apple and these are your apples.
④第三人稱形容詞性物主代詞單數/複數
單數為her/his/its---她的/他的/它的,複數為their---她們的/他們的/它們的。舉例:
This is her cat and these are their cats.
(2)名詞性物主代詞
①名詞性物主代詞用法
名詞性物主代詞後不接名詞,相當於「形容詞性物主代詞 名詞」,形式上與形容詞性物主代詞相比,除了his/its一樣,mine特殊,其他在形容詞性物主代詞後加s。用法上需要注意名詞雙重所有格「a 名詞 of 名詞's=a 名詞 of 名詞性物主代詞」的考點。舉例:
My cat is white and the black cat is not mine.(「my cat 形容詞性物主代詞 名詞」相當於「mine名詞性物主代詞」)
Kitty is a cat of Linda's.Kitty is a cat of hers.(名詞性物主代詞在名詞雙重所有格中的考點體現)
②第一人稱名詞性物主代詞單數/複數
單數為mine---我的,複數為ours---我們的。舉例:
This book is mine and that classroom is ours.
③第二人稱名性物主代詞單數/複數
單數為yours---你的,複數為yours---你們的。舉例:
This apple is yours and these apples are yours.
④第三人稱名詞性物主代詞單數/複數
單數為hers/his/its---她的/他的/它的,複數為theirs---她們的/他們的/它們的。舉例:
The food in the kitchen is theirs. Hers is on the desk in the living room.
(三) 反身代詞
1.反身代詞概念
反身代詞通常表示「某某自己」,作表語、賓語、同位語使用,在句子中通常位於謂語動詞之後或介詞之後,起到強調突出作用。注意在固定搭配或習慣搭配上,反身代詞相當於「oneself」,變複數時要注意self變為selves。舉例:
She bought herself a book.
We will have a trip to Beijing and will enjoy ourselves.
2.反身代詞分類及用法
①第一人稱名詞性物主代詞單數/複數
單數為myself---我自己,複數為ourselves---我們自己。舉例:
Let me introduce myself to you all.
We are proud of ourselves.
②第二人稱名性物主代詞單數/複數
單數為yourself---你們自己,複數為yourselves---你們自己。舉例:
Believe in yourself and you can make it.
I heard that you learned the math by yourselves and it was cool.
③第三人稱名詞性物主代詞單數/複數
單數為herself/himself/itself---她自己/他自己/它自己,複數為themselves---她們自己/他們自己/它們自己。舉例:
She herself is good at drawing.
They can take good care of themselves.
④反身代詞常考搭配
enjoy oneself 玩得愉快
learn...by oneself=teach oneself 自學
help oneself to... 請自便(通常指請隨意吃食物或喝飲料)
make oneself understood 讓某某自己被理解
come to oneself 甦醒
behave oneself 表現好
hurt oneself 受傷
seat oneself 坐下
(四) 指示代詞
1.指示代詞概念
指示代詞通常表示指代人或事物或修飾名詞,作主語、賓語、表語、定語使用,在句子中通常位於謂語動詞之後或名詞之前或單獨使用。常見有this/that/these/those/so等。注意this/that在打電話和接電話時的特殊用法。舉例:
Tom thinks this book is interesting. I think so.
打電話時,問對方是誰:Who's that?
接電話時,向對方介紹時:This is Linda speaking.
2.常考指示代詞及用法
①表示近指的指示代詞this/these
單數為this--這/這個,複數為these---這/這些,通常指代離自己比較近的人或事物或前邊提過的人或事物。舉例:
This is my friend, Linda.
These apples are delicious.
②表示遠指的指示代詞that/those
單數為that---那/那個,複數為those---那/那些,通常指代離自己比較遠的人或事物或前邊提過的人或事物。注意that/those還會常用於比較級句型裡用於替代前邊提到的人或事物,避免重複。舉例:
That is a bird over there.
The cars in the city are more than those in the country.
③指示代詞so
a.表示對前邊提到的看法或觀點表示贊同或不贊同,類似I think so/I don't think so用法,注意如果是I hope so,否定要用I hope not。舉例:
--The weather report says it is going to rain tomorrow.
--表示希望明天下雨:I hope so. (so指代明天下雨)
--表示不希望明天下雨:I hope not.(√) I don't hope so.(×)
b.表示對前邊提到的事情加以確認或證實。舉例:
--It's more difficult to earn money because of epidemic.
--So it is.(so 主語 謂語)
c.表示前邊提到的情況適用於後邊的人或事物。舉例:
--Linda likes apples.
--So does Tom.(so 謂語 主語,如果不適用: neither/nor 主語 謂語)
(五) 相互代詞
1.相互代詞概念
相互代詞通常翻譯為「彼此/相互」,作賓語和定語使用,一般情況下,兩者之間為each other,三者及三者以上為 one another,但部分實際情況的運用中,each other 和 one another 可以互換。在考試中,each other更常考。舉例:
Linda and Lisa are good friends and they always help each other.
We are in the same class and often discuss the problems with one another.
(六) 疑問代詞
1.疑問代詞概念
疑問代詞通常用來提問,作主語、賓語、表語、定語使用,常位於句首構成特殊疑問句,在賓語從句、定語從句的考查也比較多。常考的有what/which/who/whom/whatever/whichever/whoever等。舉例:
Who will go with me?
Whatever you want to do, I will always say yes.
2.常考疑問代詞及其用法
①疑問代詞指代人時,作主語時可用who/whoever,作賓語時可用who/whoever/whom,注意who作賓語的情況比較少見,用whom作賓語的情況較多,前邊有介詞且作賓語時,用whom不用who。舉例:
Who is the tallest in your family?
Linda was the girl with whom I were talking just now.
Whoever you are, it's necessary to obey the traffic rules.
②疑問代詞指物時,常用what/which/whatever/whichever。
What does Linda look like?
Linda wonder what to do next.
Which season do you like best?
Whatever happens, I will be with you all the time.
Whichever you choose, it's always good.
(七) 不定代詞
1.不定代詞概念
不定代詞主要是指沒有指定具體的人或事物,分為普通不定代詞和複合不定代詞。
2.常考不定代詞分類及用法
(1)普通不定代詞
①常考1的不定代詞
one/ones:指與前文提到的事物為同類但不是同一物,one為1個,ones為複數。舉例:
Linda has a nice pen. I want to buy one.(one和前文pen為同一種筆但不是同一支筆。)
These pens write well. I have ones.
each/every :each範圍為≥2的每一個,可以後接of,every範圍為≥3的每一個,後面不可接of。舉例:
There are flowers in each side of the river.
Each of you are best one.
Each/Every student in the school is asked to finish homework on time.
②數量範圍為2的常考不定代詞
either/both/neither:either翻譯為「兩者中的任何一個」,常考「either...or...要麼......要麼......」→就近原則→作主語時,謂語動詞的形式由離謂語動詞最近的主語即or後的主語單複數決定。either或either 名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式,句式為肯定句式;both翻譯為「兩者都......」,常考「both...and...某A和某B都......」,作主語時,謂語動詞用複數形式,句式為肯定式;neither翻譯為「兩者都不......」,常考「neither...nor...既不......也不......」→就近原則→作主語時,謂語動詞的形式由離謂語動詞最近的主語即nor後邊的主語單複數決定。neither或neither 名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式,句式為否定式。舉例:
These two apples are good and either is okay for me to eat.
Either Linda or you need to bring back a book.
Both are white. Both Linda and Tom are clever.
Neither is good and I won't buy them.
Neither Linda nor her friend likes apples.
③數量範圍為≥3的常考不定代詞
all/none:all翻譯為「三者及三者以上 都......」,後可接of連用,all作主語時,謂語動詞可單可復,通常強調整體時用單,指人時用復,句式為肯定式。none翻譯為「三者及三者以上都不......」,可指人也可指物,後可接of連用,none作主語時,謂語動詞可單可復,句式為否定式,常考none和no one區別:none可人可物,作主語時,謂語動詞可單可復,常用於回答how many/how much的提問,可與of連用;no one僅指人,作主語時,謂語動詞用單數,常用於回答who的提問,不可與of連用。舉例:
All goes well.
All are waiting for their teacher to have class.
None of us is/are boys.
用how many/how much提問:How many students are in the classroom now? 回答:None.
用who提問:Who can answer the question? 回答:No one.
few/a few/little/a little:few/a few修飾可數名詞複數,few翻譯為「幾乎沒有」,用於否定句,a few翻譯為「有一些」,用於肯定句。little/a little修飾不可數名詞,little翻譯為「幾乎沒有」,用於否定句,a little翻譯為「有一點」,用於肯定句。舉例:
I have few apples and I need to buy a few.
There is little milk in the fridge and I need to buy a little.
many/much:many/much都翻譯為「許多」,many用於修飾可數名詞複數,much用於修飾不可數名詞,有時候會順帶考much修飾比較級的情況,此時much不是代詞而是副詞。舉例:
Linda eats many eggs and much bread. She is much fatter than before.
some/any:some翻譯為「一些」,一般情況下用於肯定句,特殊情況表示建議或請求時的疑問句也會用some,表示希望得到肯定回復。any翻譯為「一些」時,用於否定句或疑問句,any翻譯為「任何一個或任何一些」時,可用於肯定句。some和any翻譯為「一些」,都可以用於修飾可數名詞複數或不可數名詞,any翻譯為「任何一個」時,可加可數名詞單數。
I have some interesting books.
Would you like to drink some milk?
Do you have any apples? I don't have any apples.
If you have any question, welcome to ask me for help.
other/others/the other/the others/another:other翻譯為「其他的......」,後接可數名詞複數,類似於形容詞性物主代詞的用法;others翻譯為「其他的......或別人」,後不接名詞,類似於名詞性物主代詞的用法,常考「some...others...一些......其他......」;
the other/the others 和other/others的用法類似,只是加了the,表示特指剩下的一個或其他全部,此時the other 常考「one...the other...一個......另一個......」→範圍為兩者,the other 可數名詞單數,常考「some/two/one...the other...一些......剩下的全部......」→範圍為三者及三者以上,此時the other 可數名詞複數。
another強調「三者及三者以上的另一個」,後接可數名詞單數,常考「one...another...一個......另一個......」、「another 數量 名詞=數量 more 名詞」→表示「再/又......」。
舉例:
I have two cats. One is white and the other cat is black.
Some people think it's right and others don't think it's right.
Tom is always ready to help other people/others.
Linda took one of apples to eat and after some time she took another apple to eat.
Tom has 2 pens now but he needs another two pens.=Tom has 2 pens now but he needs two more pens.
(2)複合不定代詞
①考查意思:someone/somebody---某人,anybody/anyone---任何人,nobody/no one---沒有人,everybody/everyone---每個人/所有人,something---某事/一些事,anything---任何事/一些事,nothing---沒有什麼,everything---每件事/所有事
②考查謂語動詞形式:複合不定代詞作主語時,謂語動詞形式用單數。舉例:
Everything is possible.=Nothing is impossible.
③考查句式:some-/any-類的複合不定代詞對於句式的應用和上邊some/any類似。舉例:
Do you have anything to do? I don't have anything to do. I have something to do.
Would you like something to drink?
④考查修飾:形容詞修飾複合不定代詞時,形容詞要位於複合不定代詞之後。舉例:
Linda has something important to do today.
Do you have anything else to ask?